{"id":30004,"date":"2020-07-13T12:34:02","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T12:34:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/competition.hu\/?p=30004"},"modified":"2020-07-13T12:34:02","modified_gmt":"2020-07-13T12:34:02","slug":"beer-wars-competition-regulation-consumer-welfare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/competition.hu\/en\/competition-law\/beer-wars-competition-regulation-consumer-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"Beer Wars &#8211; Competition, regulation and consumer welfare, or who pays the last round in the pub?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A fair bit of storm has been kicked up by a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parlament.hu\/irom41\/10856\/10856-0017.pdf\">piece<\/a> of draft legislation that would add a new rule to the Act on Commerce, prohibiting places of hospitality and large beer and soft drink producers from entering into exclusive contracts and thereby limiting competition. On the basis of what appear to be quite resolute statements by government officials reported in the media, the new regulation would soon eliminate the \u201c<em>one pub \u2013 one beer<\/em>\u201d model and radically transform the Hungarian hospitality industry. Many articles have been devoted to the economic and business aspects of the new rules, but none to legal considerations so far. We will now correct that problem with the help of competition experts from CEHA HEMPEL Dezs\u0151 &amp; Partners, focusing on what legal implications the new rules will and might have.<\/p>\n<p>Tam\u00e1s Polauf, a partner at CEHA HEMPEL Dezs\u0151 &amp; Partners, believes that the problem is rooted in certain legal and historical issues. Since the fall of communism in the late 80s, the typical model for places of hospitality (or HoReCa units) has been that they are financed by large beverage manufacturers (typically beer companies in the case of pubs, and soft drink or coffee producers in the case of other places, such as caf\u00e9s) when they first open. In practice, this model means that in exchange for a certain quantity that the pub or caf\u00e9 owner promises to sell, the manufacturer will furnish the new place with expensive equipment (beer tap, refrigerator, espresso machine, furniture, glasses, etc.) that a start-up company would not necessarily be able to buy on its own. The reluctance of banks to provide loans to pub owners out of fear that recovery might be uncertain and out fear of being associated with an industry of dubious reputation is generally thought to be one of the reasons why this model has developed. \u201cAt the beginning, the model seemed to have only positives\u201d, says Mr Polauf \u201cbecause pubs, caf\u00e9s and restaurants had financing to start their operations, while beverage manufacturers acquired markets.\u201d By the end of the 1990s, however, small beer manufacturers that had been doing quite well previously were gradually squeezed out of pubs by large competitors. The \u201csupport contracts\u201d also became increasingly onerous, and initial quantity requirements were replaced by contracts that imposed full exclusivity (\u201c<em>one pub, one tap<\/em>\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSuch exclusive contracts can violate Hungarian and Community legislation\u201d, points out M\u00e1rton Kocsis, the leader of the competition practice at CERHA HEMPEL Dezs\u0151 &amp; Partners. There is no issue as long as a fairly small competitor (competition law allows the application of certain restrictive provisions under a market share of 30%) uses such requirements alone, because the related benefits (new businesses can enter the market, consumers will have a better experience) can outweigh the restrictions on competition. The problems start when everybody on the market imposes such requirements on pub, caf\u00e9 and restaurant owners, who obviously have a weaker bargaining position. According to the latest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gvh.hu\/pfile\/file?path=\/dontesek\/versenyhivatali_dontesek\/versenyhivatali_dontesek\/dontesek_2011\/Vj049_2011_v&amp;inline=true\">investigation<\/a> by Hungarian Competition Authority (HCA) of the beer market, the three large breweries (Dreher, which is currently in Japanese ownership; Soproni, a subsidiary of the Dutch Heineken, and Borsodi, which is in American ownership), and Carlsberg, the largest importer, held about 85% to 95% percent of the Hungarian HoReCa market. The HCA and Hungarian-owned small breweries are concerned that pubs, caf\u00e9s and restaurants with such contracts are taken out of competition, and consumers suffer in the end: in the absence of competition, large companies become comfortable and start raising prices or cutting costs on innovation, and the quality of their products can suffer. \u201cHowever, the Competition Council eventually decided that this competition issue could be managed with the breweries\u2019 voluntary agreement to implement certain changes\u201d, adds Mr Kocsis, who led the HCA\u2019s investigation of the beer market. The large beer companies agreed that they would reduce the number of exclusive contracts, opening up the market and allowing smaller suppliers to have their piece of the cake. A recent HCA <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gvh.hu\/pfile\/file?path=\/dontesek\/versenyhivatali_dontesek\/versenyhivatali_dontesek\/dontesek_2018\/vj006_2018_uv&amp;inline=true\">decision<\/a> has revealed that Dreher and Borsodi has met its commitments, but Heineken is still under investigation to determine whether it acted properly in connection with its contracts with pubs. \u201cIt is also true\u201d, adds Mr Kocsis \u201cthe HCA has never investigated the contracting practices of manufacturers of other beverages, such as soft drinks, spirits or coffee, even though it is likely that they also apply similar requirements in their contracts with pubs, caf\u00e9s and restaurants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe new legislation would replace the HCA\u2019s more careful approach with more robust regulatory intervention\u201d, points out Mr Polauf. On the basis of the bill submitted to the Parliament, the government would simply prohibit companies from concluding contracts that limit the number of beverage brands that can be sold in pubs, caf\u00e9s or restaurants. Although the bill could still change and there will be many legal issues raised in connection with it (e.g. what qualifies as a \u201csmall operation brewery\u201d; who will have the authority and, more importantly, the resources to check these contracts; or what happens if a pub sells the products of small breweries but customers do not buy enough to meet the 20% sales quota; etc.) but it is clear already that the regulations will strongly interfere in the parties\u2019 freedom of contract.<\/p>\n<p>CERHA HEMPEL\u2019s competition experts warn that the regulation will probably be tested in various courts as it appears to primarily infringe the interests of international corporations, which have sufficient resources to pursue that route. It is probable that large manufacturers (and not necessarily just breweries; the regulation will also have a major impact on soft drink producers whose branded sunshades and glasses are common sights is pubs, bars, caf\u00e9s and restaurants) will start various legal procedures and will not give up their hard-won business relationships without a fight. Mr Polauf believes that a constitutional complaint could be filed with Hungary\u2019s Constitutional Court, but companies affected by the regulation could also seek relief directly from the European Court of Justice, which might even result in an infringement procedure against Hungary. As Mr Kocsis adds, the reason for this is that these contracts are not considered restrictive under Community competition law (there is a large body of case law in this respect), while the Hungarian legislation appears to use a competition law approach to prevent the large manufacturers\u2019 practices. It is easy to see that where Community and national law collides, Brussels (and Luxembourg) will have the final say. Another possibility is that the relevant companies, which are mostly owned by international corporations, will charge that the EU\u2019s fundamental freedoms are violated or that the new regulation is in fact prohibited state aid (in that it seems to favour locally-owned small companies).<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, it is obviously also possible that some form of amicable solution is reached, and probably this would serve the interests of the relevant companies the best. In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, it would be important if, besides regulations designed to intensify competition, the SMEs that operate pubs, bars, caf\u00e9s and restaurants would also receive some support, whereas the loss of what has so far been secure revenue from manufacturers would have the opposite effect. The legal experts warn that the regulation in question will probably raise many other legal questions that will have to be answered at some point in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Tam\u00e1s Polauf, Partner\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 M\u00e1rton Kocsis, Head of Competiton law<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-30000 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/competition.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/polauf-tamas-es-kocsis-marton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"951\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/competition.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/polauf-tamas-es-kocsis-marton.jpg 951w, https:\/\/competition.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/polauf-tamas-es-kocsis-marton-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/competition.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/polauf-tamas-es-kocsis-marton-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/competition.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/polauf-tamas-es-kocsis-marton-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new rule to the Act on Commerce, prohibiting places of hospitality and large beer and soft drink producers from entering into exclusive contracts<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":30001,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-competition-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beer Wars - Competition, regulation and consumer welfare, or who pays the last round in the pub? 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